Mcdonald Communication Theory And Practice -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Mcdonald Communication Theory And Practice? Answer: Introducation Communication is the process of message transmission from the sender to the recipient. In an organization, communication needs to be very effective and efficient, the essence of management is the communication process. Without effective communication, management functions that are basic cannot be performed well. In McDonald, a business organization involved the continuous flow of information. The organization involves a very large number of consumers and staff, therefore feedback from the consumers is very important part of the business communication. McDonald organization has a hierarchy of various levels. Communication practices play a greater role in the procedure of directing and controlling of the people in the organization. Misunderstanding can be avoided if the organization has an effective system of communication. In the organization of McDonald, the communication between the subordinates and the superiors is very effective and regulated by the norms and rules. People within an organization should be fully aware of the policies, rules, and regulations of the organization. In McDonald, the business communication that is in practice is the oral communication and the written communication. McDonald organization focusses not only on how the organization can reach its consumers and target consumers but also, how can the consumer reach the company (Kotler, 2011).According to Kotler, communication in today's world is a dialogue that is interactive between the organization and its consumers that takes place in all stages i.e selling, advertising, consuming and post selling services. The reduction in the cost of communication has enabled much organization to shift from mass communication to a communication that targets the consumer and face to face communication. Significance of business communication. Business communication plays a vital role in the attainment of the organization marketing objectives. Communication understanding is of significance since it is the process through which organization attains their set objectives culminating their success. Individuals attitude in McDonald organization were easily altered through communication. This was majorly impacted by how well the individual was informed. The well-informed individual was having a better attitude as compared to the less informed individuals. Communication made it easier for individuals to associates. Finally, communication made the process of decision making very easy as it helped the management in assessing and identification of alternative actions courses. Communication theories There is a variety of business communication theory that is used in McDonald. They include: Communication accommodation theory The communication accommodation theory, encompasses the aspects of motivation and result transference of the communication style between people (Doon, 2016).The theory suggests that people do transfer their communication styles in two ways that are the divergence and convergence. Those people who have an ethnic background that is considered strong will transfer their style through divergence, so as to highlight their identity group importance. Those who transfer their communication through convergence are considered helpless or powerless and only do so when they are in need of being accepted in the society. Groupthink theory Groupthink theory suggests that the process of groupthink will only arise when groups that are considered highly committed fail to handle various problems affecting them (Doon, 2016).It proposes that people are unwilling to share ideas that are unfamiliar to another member of the group. During such occurrences, the group will make a wrong decision that has effects which are long term. Organizational information theory For an organization to be considered successful, it is important to have all the information that is considered necessary, for it to achieve its goals. The theory suggests that people behaviors and productivity are mainly affected by the organization communication. The main object of the communication is to reduce the doubts so that to extract information that is relevant from the existing ones (Doon, 2016). Communication practices An organization that has imperative communication skills is likely to succeed. Having communication skills that are positive will, increase the business opportunities (Marks, 2016).As this will enable the business get ahead in certain areas where those organization that is not assertive may not succeed. Some of the practices comprise of: Body language. One should not shy away from the person they are communicating with. One should endure that they maintain eye contact and posture that is relaxed regardless of the role being played. Body language that ensures that a person is listening comprises of, making eye contact. Occasionally nodding the head to acknowledge point being made in the conversation. In a business context, during marketing or negotiation of a business deal, the process is likely to be successful if there was a mutual understanding of the terms and the conditions of the contract to avoid complications in the future (Russell, 2015). Communication consistency In the McDonald organization, the management has the ability to communicate consistently to the staff through remaining available. Despite the difficulty of the situation at hand, it is the task of the supervisor to air the voice of the employees. They do this in an open and honest way. The communication practice between the employee and the management is very open and honest. The management is always available and bold. The organization has always left the communication lines open for the employees who may want to address their problems with the management. This practice has enabled the organization prevents small issues which normally arises then due to negligence end up becoming the large issues through ensuring the employee that the management is open to discussing any pressing issue at any time(Russell, 2015). Patience The management at McDonald has always given the staff and consumers time to air their concerns. The management has always remained focused on what they are trying to raise as an issue, this usually shows the consumer or employee that the management is open to helping them out with their issue. Many people tend to break communication lines due to impatience. Suppose one is confused about what the other person concern, it is polite to request the speaker to elaborate their concern. This will create a mutual understanding and help in the business operations (Jukso, 2014). Speech and attentiveness. During communication, it is advisable to be concise and clear while speaking (Jukso, 2014).One should ensure they speak on matters that are important and they do not waste any time drawing stories that will deviate the mind of the listener. The significance of verbal communication is the competence to exercise active listening. One ought to always make mental notes of the important notes. In that manner, when given the chance to speak, one will be able to speak on the most significant issues being dealt with (Russell, 2015). Recommendation Communication is an essential factor in the success of any organization. McDonald has been a successful organization in the past years, having taken a research on the communication practice of the organization, the following areas need to be keenly implemented. For the organization to stay ahead of the competition and maintain a competitive advantage over its competitors it has to restructure its communication practice in the following ways. The organization should enable a wide conversation. This will include a platform for instant messaging. The benefits of this include the aptitude to manage numerous conversations productively at once. The prospect to break down the language obstacles because of text worked better than voice. The organization should improve its vertical and horizontal communication. The organization communication should be streamlined. This can be achieved through the use of the right tools. Programs that connect workers at the level would be implemented. This will enable the managers and the owners more responsible and answerable when the staff invest their energy and time in brainstorming ideas which could be of profit to the organization (Kneece, 2015). The success of an internal communication will depend on the resources allocated to it. The management should come up with a budget to allocate the resources. In order to establish a budget that is meaningful, the organization should weigh and evaluate the impact of failure to invest in the employee aptitude to build a strong relationship with other colleagues and share their concern and come up with information that helps their job performance. Conclusion Business communication is essential to the success of any business. McDonald has been able to achieve its goals through setting effective communication between the organization and its customers, shareholder and staff. The communication accommodation theory, the subordinate staff are most likely to use the convergence style because they feel helpless and will communicate in a way that shows they are in need of acceptance by the management. Group thinking theory has been used in McDonald to brainstorm ideas in case of any problem. This has helped the organization in getting ideas from various staff members and shareholders. Organization information theory has been implemented in the McDonald in order to reduce doubts and extract information which is relevant from the existing information. References Berkenkotter, C., Huckin, T. N. (2016). Genre knowledge in disciplinary communication: Cognition/culture/power. Routledge. Doon, Z. (2016). 17 - Different Types of Business Communication Theories. [online] Business Study Notes. Available at: https://www.businessstudynotes.com/others/business-communication/different-business-communication-theories/ [Accessed 23 Jan. 2018]. Jukso, J. (2014). Best Practices in Communication. [online] IndustryWeek. Available at: https://www.industryweek.com/public-policy/best-practices-communication [Accessed 23 Jan. 2018]. Kneece, R. (2015). 5 Tips To Create Effective Internal Communications With Your Team. [online] Fast Company. Available at: https://www.fastcompany.com/3045455/5-tips-to-create-effective-internal-communications-with-your-team [Accessed 23 Jan. 2018]. Kotler, P. (2011). Philip Kotler's contributions to marketing theory and practice. In Review of Marketing Research: Special IssueMarketing Legends (pp. 87-120). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Managementstudyguide.com. (2015). Berlo's Model of Communication. [online] Available at: https://www.managementstudyguide.com/berlo-model-of-communication.htm [Accessed 23 Jan. 2018]. Marks, C. (2016). Best Practices in Business Communication. [online] prezi.com. Available at: https://prezi.com/pwzfbif4wdho/best-practices-in-business-communication/ [Accessed 23 Jan. 2018]. Modaff, D. P., Butler, J. A., DeWine, S. A. (2016). Organizational communication: Foundations, challenges, and misunderstandings. Pearson. Rasool Roozegar, Saeid Tahmasebi, Ali Akbar Jafari. (2017) The McDonald Gompertz distribution: Properties and applications. Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation 46:5, pages 3341-3355. Russell, N. (2015). 15 Trust Building Communication Practices. [online] Psychology Today. Available at: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/trust-the-new-workplace-currency/201305/15-trust-building-communication-practices [Accessed 23 Jan. 2018]. Ruben, B. D., Gigliotti, R. A. (2016). Leadership as social influence: An expanded view of leadership communication theory and practice. Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies, 23(4), 467-479. Stewart, D. W., Shamdasani, P. N. (2014). Focus groups: Theory and practice (Vol. 20). economics publications. Stacks, D. W., Salwen, M. B. (Eds.). (2014). An integrated approach to communication theory and research. Routledge.

What You Dont Know About Social Justice Issues Essay Topics

What You Don't Know About Social Justice Issues Essay Topics If you want to contribute a post, please get in touch with us. Once you own a topic and a list of references, you might want to write down all of the important points you must include, developing a plan for your justice paper that could be developed into the very first draft simply by describing each point. When discussing gender equality topics, it's crucial to follow certain rules not to abuse a specific kind of readers. It is a sort of an academic task that's aimed toward examining student's knowledge and techniques in the discipline of any topic linked to the criminal justice or law, both business and international. Reading picture books together about those who have stood up for human rights is guaranteed to spark conversations with your son or daughter. If you ask plenty of people to define social justice you're likely to acquire many distinctive definitions. Choosing Social Justice Issues Essay Topics Is Simple At exactly the same time, it's an excellent persuasive essay idea. There's also lots of information on how best to compose an essay and how to prevent the most frequent mistakes, but should you need assistance, you can refer to this video. There are several persuasive essay topics to pick from to finish your high school or college assignment. The social issues res earch papers may appear easy to write in comparison with different topics, but still it demands an extremely creative strategy, a massive quantity of curiosity and capacity to think beyond the box and search info in unconventional sources. The point is that the opening quote ought to be integrated into or lead naturally into the opening paragraph and thus flow on through the remainder of the essay. Clearly, there's a direct legal motivation for you to achieve that. Well-meaning as it might be, this strategy is in fact flawed for a number of reasons. The Rise of Social Justice Issues Essay Topics Many events reported in the mainstream or societal media are related to a broad range of current social problems. It's also because too frequently, people that are offering charity do it in a sense which is not fully respectful to the individuals that are receiving it. If you like you may look online and find one that you like. When there's something going on in the news you may link to your content, do it. The Pain of Social Justice Issues Essay Topics Discrimination always promotes or reveals unfair treatment of an individual or a specific group of people on the grounds of prejudice and partiality which could result in emotions like frustration and anger. The eradication of discrimination is not a simple endeavor to accomplish as a result of the problems that come up from discrimination and the time taken to solve it. A History of Social Justice Issues Essay Topics Refuted This marginalization caused the maturation of a school curriculum that's based on providing education for particular individuals within the financial imperatives. Reaching 1950s, segregation was still a standard phenomenon in the usa. Social injustice is likewise the way unjust actions are finished in the society. Social and Cultural diversity is continuously increasing throughout the States. Social injustices can be available in many unique forms. Bullying is among the main problem in our society. Bullying has a huge effect on how someone presents themselves in society due to the focus put on the negatives in contrast to the positives. Things You Won't Like About Social Justice Issues Essay Topics and Things You Will Traditionally, school counselors as well as some other educators have addressed student problems and problems as in the event the student is the origin of the problem and so needs to learn how to cope and adapt to set up practices. The school to prison pipeline is a true thing. Additionally, school leaders understand they may have a beneficial or negative influence on their school climate, and too many still have a negative effects. A significant part social justice education is to trust that students are in a position to assess the information we provide and utilize it in a manner that's valid, realistic and relevant to their very own lives. Who Else Wants to Learn About Social Justice Issues Essay Topics? If you're not yet doing so, find a means to connect with others that are taking action by calling on elected officials or company leaders for change. A conflict may emerge about if a retributive or restorative justice mechanism is the most fair. To be able to create a just world it's critical to concentrate on all the elements of justice and social equity. These numbers clearly demonstrate that environmental justice is surely not served in many cases.

Easy Topics To Write An Exemplification Essay About

Easy Topics To Write An Exemplification Essay AboutMany students enter college and find that their first task is to write an exemplification essay. What is an exemplification essay? It is an essay that uses a clear argument or theme that can be shared in two to four paragraphs. The essays are made to be lengthy, powerful arguments, and the teacher can help with the outline, but the writer must remain free and make up their own ideas.Writing an easy essay is not a challenge for many students, but they may find it difficult to get started on a project. One of the easiest ways to get started on a project that has to do with a topic that most students are familiar with is to think about a topic that you are familiar with. As you can imagine, this may not be an easy task, so it is best to look around for different topics and start to see what you like.Since so many students have difficult topics to write an exemplification essay about, there are many easy topics to write an exemplificatio n essay about. You may have heard that ideas for an essay can come from many sources, including the class, the professor, or other teachers in the school. The idea is to have something that everyone has heard or read before. Since so many students are involved in the class, you may want to have a topic that is easy to share and is current.The other option is to use the class to help with the writing. Since so many people take the class, it may be hard to think of a new topic for the class, so you may need to ask the teacher or your classmates if they have any new topics that are interesting. They may have something to share, and you can begin to think about a topic that is already popular.Since so many students have difficult topics to write an exemplification essay about, you may find that students will provide suggestions about a difficult topic that you want to write an exemplification essay about. Since writing an essay can be difficult for anyone, making use of this information can help with the process. You can also get help from your classmates and find topics to write an exemplification essay about.Once you have researched topics to write an exemplification essay about, you will have a better idea of what to include in your essay. You should be able to find current events that are interesting. However, many students find that it is best to be different than what is currently being written about. Some of the topics to write an exemplification essay about may be controversial, but many students do not have the first idea of what that means.While there are many topics to write an exemplification essay about, it is important to focus on the topic that you want to write an exemplification essay about. It is also helpful to write a second version of the topic to ensure that it is a good idea. After all, you may not be able to change the topics that you have researched, but you can make sure that the ideas that you choose are sound.One easy topic to write an exemplification essay about is a book that everyone has heard of or read. The most common book for this is a children's book. Since so many people are interested in children, this can be a fun and easy way to start your writing project.

How to Make Your College Application Essay Better

How to Make Your College Application Essay BetterSome people get a little overwhelmed when they are reviewing their college application essays. Why do you need to improve the quality of your essay? Well, there are many things you can do to make your essay more meaningful. If you want to write something that will stand out and is truly appreciated by the college admissions officers, here are some ideas to consider.Never use an exact quote from someone else's essay. Why? The people who read your application can only see what you have to say, not the speech. Make sure that the first paragraph of your essay is an essay. Do not make this a statement.Insert a personal note in the middle of your essay. It doesn't have to be something profound, but simply something that lets the reader know that you have thought about your essay. If you haven't really thought about the topic, then why try to make yourself more important than you really are? This may seem like a bad thing, but people like to be appreciated.Make sure that your college application essay is not over-the-top. Many students believe that if they say something that they haven't thought about or written before, then they must be true. In fact, don't write this way. In order to succeed, you need to speak to them in a way that seems natural.Writing an essay can be done. The trick is to write in such a way that others will be able to appreciate the results. There are many ways to make a true impact on the person who reads your application. Focus on those steps and make them part of your plan.What is the best way to approach the topic of how to make your college application essay better? This is a question many people ask. You need to make sure that you aren't shy about speaking your mind. Remember, you are using this as an opportunity to tell a story that others will hear and absorb.Remember, there are many steps you can take to improve your college application essay. Keep a level head and take advantage of the pr ocess. Once it is completed, then you will get the recognition you deserve.

How to Write a Death Penalty Sample Essay

How to Write a Death Penalty Sample EssayWriting a death penalty sample essay can be difficult for a beginning writer because the topic is highly controversial. There are many people who do not believe that the death penalty is a legitimate punishment for the crime of murder, and the death penalty example essays may be used as a rebuttal of this perspective.You can always offer an alternative argument to explain why the death penalty is a more just punishment for someone who commits a murder. This example essay should contain your opinion, but you also need to consider the fact that many people are opposed to capital punishment, even when it's been proven to be one of the most effective deterrents.Writing a death penalty sample essay may seem like a daunting task, but it can be done if you study the topic carefully. There are several great resources available online that can help you with some of the information that you will need to complete your final draft.A good place to start yo ur research is with the online encyclopedia. Here you will find a wealth of information about how the death penalty works, its disadvantages, and various ways to overcome those disadvantages. The information contained in the encyclopedia can help you craft an interesting essay, especially if you spend some time researching the subject.Another source of information that you can use is school textbooks and articles. You can find interesting facts about the death penalty throughout the history of America, and you can use these facts to back up your written research.You may want to read and comment on books and articles, or you may want to try to get more information from an academic advisor at your college or university. Here you can find someone who can give you some insight into the topic and help you complete your research.If you find yourself becoming frustrated with your research, you can always complete your research using the Internet. Using the internet will allow you to compar e the materials available to write a death penalty sample essay.It may be helpful to organize your own research before you try to write a sample essay. By organizing your research, you will be able to get the most out of your research.

Positive Discrimination Towards Women in Society Essay Example

Positive Discrimination Towards Women in Society Essay Positive discrimination towards women in society is justified. No because†¦ Discrimination is never positive. In a civilized society, it is not exceptable to treat people differently, on the basis of gender. Furthermore, the claim of women having a disadvantaged status is preposterous. A quick examination of our laws and societal practices shows that women have an incredibly advantaged status. They are not required to register for the draft[1], like men are. They have a government council devoted solely to them[2] [3], whereas men do not. They have female-only scholarships and grants[4], whereas men do not. They have shelters to escape domestic violence[5], whereas men do not. They are protected from circumcision by law[6], whereas men are not. Their names are hidden when they accuse others of several kinds of crimes, whereas men are not[7]. If anyone is disadvantaged, its men. Men are 80% of suicides[8], 40% of colleges students[9], 40% of degree earners[10], 80% of the homeless[11], 80% of the layed off[12], and 92. 7% of the job deaths[13]. Men are more likely to die from every major cause of death[14], and yet there exists no amount of medical funding and research for them, on par with that of women. And this is to say nothing, of the blatant discriminations, under the law, that men suffer, as mentioned above. Positive discrimination towards women should not be allowed Women shouldnt be subject to positive discrimination because they are as capable as men are at succeeding in society. International law also states that men and women are both equal in right therefore positive discrimination is in direct breach of this. We will write a custom essay sample on Positive Discrimination Towards Women in Society specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Positive Discrimination Towards Women in Society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Positive Discrimination Towards Women in Society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Even given the best of intentions, discrimination based on ascribed rather than achieved characteristics is unjust Not true equality†¦ If men and women are truly equal, there shouldnt be a need for a particular legislation to classify them as such. Laws are inherently complicated and the wording can be interpreted in a variety of ways. If we propose to legislate equality rights for women, that could have the negative effect of restricting the rights as lawyers examine the legislations finding alternate interpretations. Ending up in constricting rights that is already given in general laws applying equally to every man woman and child in this country. Positive discrimination serves little purpose, women shouldnt need a specific set of laws telling them what they can do, if they truly believe they are equal to men in every way. The basic laws such as Human Rights Act 1998 should be sufficient. Will Cause Resentment Between Men and Women Positive discrimination is seen as favouring one over the other, the other side will harbor resentments and jealousy. Women and men need to work together in society; and, they cant do so with such hostility between them. Such steps will engender a feeling of despair in men, when they are treated as less that of women. They will resent women, particularly for attempting to justify the discriminations against them. In no way, shape, and form could biases against men, contribute to a healthy society, nor will they mend any problems we have now. On the contrary, they would make relations between the genders far more problematic than they already are. As for your question, about my origins, Im from Mars, if youre from Venus. It does not address the underlying issues well actually if the women of today are given jobs on the basis of positive discrimination, their daughters(and sons) have greater motivation and probability for getting jobs. Working/educated mothers have better chances of educated/working children. Schools set up just to educate girls are a form of positive discrimination. Positive discrimination is merely a stop-gap measure. It only helps women in the end result ie getting a job it doesnt address why they might not be having the access to these opportunities in the first place. If women are not being offered jobs at the top end of industry, why not? If as in some countries it is because they do not have equal access to education, then addressing this base issue would have a more positive and long lasting effect. If women do not have access to jobs through discrimination reasons then discrimination legislation needs to be implemented or more strictly enforced. Positive discrimination may help the current generation of disadvantaged women but fails to address future generations issues. It is Men, Not Women, who are Disadvantaged in our Society The claim of women having a disadvantaged status is preposterous. A quick examination of our laws and societal practices shows that women have an incredibly advantaged status. They are not required to register for the draft[1], like men are. They have a government council devoted solely to them[2] [3], whereas men do not. They have female-only scholarships and grants[4], whereas men do not. They have shelters to escape domestic violence[5], whereas men do not. They are protected from circumcision by law[6], whereas men are not. Theyre names are hidden when they accuse others of several kinds of crimes, whereas men are not[7]. If anyone is disadvantaged, its men. Men are 80% of suicides[8], 40% of colleges students[9], 40% of degree earners, 80% of the homeless[10], 80% of the layed off[11], and 92. 7% of the job deaths[12]. Men are more likely to die from every major cause of death[13], and yet there exists no amount of medical funding and research for them, on par with that of women. And this is to say nothing, of the blatant discriminations, under the law, that men suffer, as mentioned above. Rebuttal to opposition, part 1: Not True Equality In the post, Not True Equality, you stated that: your premise is incorrect. All men and women should be treated equally. A woman keeping a man-slave for chattel does not make that slave inferior but if the law does not say that they are equal shell have the right to treat that man as an inferior and keep him as her slave; undermining him in everything. bullying people does not make someone superior, fact is more men bully women than vice versa and the law needs to state that the sexes are equal to diminish harassment from either side. It is your premise that is incorrect. You can not state that you think men and women should be treated equally, when you are arguing in favor of women being given special advantages in society. Secondly, the law does state that the sexes are equal; but, it isnt applied that way. For example, only men are required to register for the draft. If it is equality you seek, then the answer is just that: equalit y. Inequality can not be fixed by advocating for more inequality. Thirdly, where on earth did you get that men bully women, more often than vice-versa? You gave no citations; and, you need to add them. You outright claim its a fact; but, you go on to give no factual evidence. Furthermore, how is that relevant to the discussion at hand? Bullying has no barring on the subject of how the law should treat different groups. Rebuttal to opposition, part 2: Positive discrimination towards women should not be allowed In the post, Positive discrimination towards women should not be allowed, you stated: There is no such thing as international law in the USA, except for treaties which are ratified by the Senate. Consequently, the so-called international law must be subservient to USA law and interpreted accordingly. Thus, positive discrimination does NOT violate international law because international law does NOT exist in the USA. Women should certainly be granted positive discrimination, and men should give every advantage to them. Actually, there is such a thing as international law; and the ones we are talking about have already been agreed to by the United States Congress. It is not, nor must it be subservient to U. S. law. The United States signed the treaty known as the Charter of the United Nations[1]; wherein the United States agreed to be bound by its articles, including chapter IV, wherein the United States agreed to adhere to the resolutions of the General Assembly. One such resolution was the Universal Declaration of Human Rights[2], which stated in Article 2: Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty One of the rights and freedoms set forth in the declaration, that was alluded to in the post, Positive discrimination towards women should not be allowed was the right to be equals before the law, as set out in Article 7, which states: All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination. The United States Congress has already signed this treaty and is therefore obliged to comply with it, at the legislative level. That is why positive discrimination against men is already in violation of our laws and international law; and, why it cant be permitted.

Comparison of the Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of DID and PTSD

Comparison of the Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of DID and PTSD Introduction Psychology is the academic discipline dealing with the study of human behaviour and mental functions (Burton, 2010). As such, psychologists are described as social or cognitive scientists. The scientists and professionals explore human characters, such as perception, emotions, and personality. The aim of such exploration is to assess and treat psychological disorders.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison of the Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of DID and PTSD specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Numerous studies have been conducted in the past to try and explain why people act and behave the way they do. Information gathered from such analyses is taken into consideration when making decisions in many contemporary organisations (Barlow Durand, 2011). Organisations that use such information in their operations include the government and private companies and corporations. The information is especially important when hiring personnel. Individuals psychological information helps other people in making informed decisions when dealing with the individual. The information can also be used in assigning work to the individual. Dissociative Identity Disorder (herein referred to as DID) and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (herein referred to as PTSD) are classified as mental disorders. The two have formed the basis of research for many psychologists. The psychologists have made efforts to identify the root causes, treatment, and diagnostic procedures associated with the conditions. According to Dr. Brad Wright (and as cited in Farrell, 2011), the two conditions are significantly different from each other. Post traumatic stress disorder develops when an individual is exposed to any form of psychological trauma. Dissociative identity disorder is known by several other names. One of them is â€Å"Multiple Personality Disorder†. The condition is associated with individuals who exhibit two distinct personalities. It is characterised by forgetfulness or amnesia (Shettleworth, 2010). In this essay, the author will analyse the two conditions, comparing and contrasting their various aspects. The author will focus on the similarities and differences between the conditions’ etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. The Etiology of DID and PTSD: A Comparison Etiology of DID Etiology is the study of the origin and cause of a given phenomenon (Overskeid, 2007). It is commonly used in medicine to determine why and how things take place. The concept aims at providing a mythical explanation for a certain condition or phenomenon.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Over the years, many researchers and philosophers have come up with various possible causes of dissociative identity disorder. However, most are in agreement that the disorder is brought about by maladjusted r eactions to trauma. Such trauma is in most cases linked to childhood physical and sexual abuse (Hergenhahn, 2005). Most individuals suffering from this disorder had a traumatic experience in their childhood. Neglect and lack of parental care are largely associated with the disorder. Individuals exposed to extreme physical abuse in the past tend to be violent and brutal in later life. Psychologists associate this phenomenon with attempts by individuals to forget their past miseries. The failure to forget leads to frustration, which is expressed through acts of violence and brutality. Individuals who were exposed to acts of violence in the past are likely to try and expose others to similar conditions. The attempt explains the rising cases of violence in the society. Research has shown that criminals suffering from dissociative identity disorder expose their victims to ordeals that are similar to those they were exposed to in the past. Such developments give rise to a cycle of crime a nd violence, which turns victims into offenders. Self destructive behaviours have also been identified as possible causes of the disorder (Pinel, 2010). Individuals exhibiting such traits tend to be violent towards themselves and towards others. Etiology of PTSD Post traumatic stress disorder develops after an individual is exposed to an event associated with intense fear, horror, and a sense of helplessness (Reisner, 2005). However, psychologists have identified other possible causes of post traumatic stress disorder. They include past life experiences and inherited traits, such as individual personality. Individuals who had traumatic experiences in their past make the bulk of patients diagnosed with this disorder. Personality aspects that may influence the individual’s susceptibility to the disorder include, among others, temperament and ability to deal with stress. Regulation of hormones and such other chemicals as adrenaline by the brain is also associated with the condit ion. Exposure to risk factors is another possible cause of post traumatic stress disorder. Such exposure explains why many soldiers and people living in war torn areas are more likely to suffer from post traumatic stress disorder compared to other individuals.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison of the Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of DID and PTSD specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are several similarities between the etiologies of the two psychological disorders. For example, both conditions are associated with past traumatic experiences. Individuals suffering from either of the two conditions are likely to have witnessed traumatic events in their life (Carver Scheier, 2004). Individuals react variously to such traumatic events. As a result of this, some of the individuals exposed to the traumatic events may fail to develop the condition. For example, those suffering from dissociative identity diso rder are violent towards other people. On the other hand, those suffering from post traumatic stress disorder live in perpetual fear of being abused or experiencing the traumatic events again. Diagnosing DID and PTSD: A Comparison Overview In most cases, individuals suffering from these disorders are unaware of their condition. It is also hard for family members and the society at large to diagnose the disorders. The inability to diagnose is attributed to the fact that the effects of these disorders are mainly psychological. As such, it is not easy to point out the characteristics. The case is different for other disorders, whose effects are expressed physically (Gelder Geddes, 2005). In most cases, the individual is not aware of their condition when they seek medical assistance. Diagnosing DID To diagnose dissociative identity disorder, the psychologist needs to conduct a thorough psychological examination of the patient. A medical examination is necessary to determine whether the patient has any physical disorders that may explain their symptoms (Glaser Strauss, 2005). Examinations are carried out through oral interviews or questionnaires prepared in advance. Hypnosis or drugs are also used to make it easy for the patient to reveal personal information to the doctor (Barlow Durand, 2011). In most cases, patients complain of amnesia. The individual is unable to remember events that took place within a particular period of time. They also suffer from memory loss. In extreme cases, the patient may forget about close friends and family members. The individuals are depressed and may exhibit suicidal tendencies in extreme cases (Ron, 2008). In addition, some patients diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder complain of either audio or visual hallucinations.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Diagnosing PTSD To diagnose post traumatic stress disorder, the professional needs to take into consideration the signs and symptoms exhibited by the individual. Patients are asked to explain their signs and symptoms. They try to explain what the signs are, the time they occur, and their intensity (Reinders, 2008). Individuals are also required to narrate the events preceding the symptoms. A patient has to meet a set of pre-defined criteria before the professional comes to a conclusion. Diagnosing post traumatic stress disorder and dissociative personality disorder calls for a series of psychological and medical assessments. Assessments are carried out orally or through the use of a questionnaire. Examinations to check for other medical problems are carried out to ensure that the correct diagnosis is made (Boysen, 2011). Treating DID and PTSD: A Comparison Treating DID calls for the combination of various states of personality (Stern, 2012). Interaction between the different persona lities helps the person to function normally. Drug therapy is used to relieve such symptoms as fear, anxiety, and depression. Psychotherapy is considered as emotionally painful. Individuals undergoing therapy experience emotional crises especially when recalling traumatic memories during therapy sessions. Hypnosis is also applied in therapy. Therapy sessions take place over a long period of time, usually over 3 to 6 years. Individuals are treated for other serious health problems that are exhibited, such as drug and substance abuse. Treating PTSD aims at helping individuals gain control over their own life. Individuals suffering from the disorder are advised to accept their condition. They are also empowered to cope with stress and such other phenomena. Unlike dissociative personality disorder, treating post traumatic stress disorder requires a combination of drug therapy and psychotherapy. There are various forms of drugs administered to those suffering from the disorder. They incl ude antipsychotics, antidepressants, and prazosin (Spiegel, 2006). Each of these drugs has a particular function. In psychotherapy, various interventions are used. The interventions include cognitive therapy, which involves empowering the individual to perceive things accurately to reduce trauma. Cognitive therapy is used together with other interventions, such as exposure therapy. The latter encourages the patient to face or confront the situations that scare them the most (Ross, 2009). Other interventions, such as eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing therapy, help the individuals in processing traumatic memories. There are obvious similarities between the treatment procedures for the two disorders. In both cases, the doctor attending to the patient aims at reducing the effects of the trauma (Farrell, 2011). In addition, treating the two conditions involves psychotherapy. A close relationship between the patient and the doctor in-charge must be maintained. The aim here is to increase the efficiency of the therapy sessions. Conclusion Psychology is a field of study dealing with human behaviour and brain functions. The discipline involves the assessment of such human characteristics as perceptions and emotions in efforts to explain individual actions (Singh Chakrabarti, 2008). Psychology has helped in diagnosing and treating various mental disorders, among them post traumatic stress disorder and dissociative identity disorder. 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